Bob,
I now have this working. Here's what I had to do:
More information:
Change to 32 bit adobe.
I couldn't get Adobe DC reader 64 bit to run via the winflector client, but when I downgraded to 32-bit, I was able to get it to run. Once I knew I could run the program remotely, then it was time to try to get my primary application to open adobe.
Edit registry to disable Protected Mode at Startup
Adobe gives you an error, something about an appcontainer, if you don't do this. However, Adobe also likes to re-enable the feature even after you disable it. To force this option to be turned off for all users, edit the registry using the instructions under "Locking Protected Mode" found at this website:
https://www.adobe.com/devnet-docs/acrobatetk/tools/AppSec/protectedmode.html
Set each user's default PDF program
It turns out the white box I was initially seeing when trying to open pdfs was a failed attempt to display the "choose which program to open this file" dialog box. (Winflector's applog showed an attempt to run "openwith.exe"). So, each user of your application needs to have their profile on the server configured to open pdf files with adobe reader. There are some ways of doing this through group policy, but it was easier in my case just to have each user sign in to the server via RDP and change the setting manually. It only needs to be done once per user.